The journey into the intricate world of plants has always been a source of profound fascination for me. From the delicate dance of photosynthesis fueling life to the remarkable resilience they exhibit in the face of adversity; plants are far more than mere static organisms. They are dynamic, responsive entities, constantly interacting with their environment in ways that underpin our very existence. The complex relationship between plant physiology, agricultural productivity, and the ability of plants to withstand environmental stresses is a cornerstone of global sustainability and food security. This book, “PLANTS: Physiology, crop production, and stress responses,” emerges from the recognition that a comprehensive understanding of these interconnected areas is crucial for addressing the challenges of a changing world. It brings together a collection of focused studies that delve into specific aspects of plant life, ranging from the fundamental processes governing seed germination and development to the applied implications for biofuel production and the sophisticated mechanisms plants employ to cope with diverse stresses. This book is the result of contributions from researchers committed to advancing plant science in meaningful, application-driven ways. I extend my gratitude to the authors, collaborators, and institutions whose dedication made this work possible. Their collective insights reflect a global commitment to understanding and harnessing plant physiology for the challenges of our time. My own research journey, deeply rooted in the exploration of bioactive plant molecules and their potential, has consistently highlighted the remarkable adaptability and resilience inherent in the plant kingdom. As an Associate Professor at Link Campus University, my work has spanned the investigation of plant defense mechanisms, the protective roles of essential oils under stress, and the fascinating strategies employed by heavy metal tolerant species. This background has provided me with a broad perspective on the diverse topics covered within this volume. The chapters presented here offer a mosaic of current research, each illuminating a specific facet of the broader theme. From the detailed analysis of seed germination in Prosopis juliflora under various stress conditions and the ecological significance of desert species, to the exploration of seed species for bioenergy and the potential of non-conventional oilseeds, the initial chapters underscore the diverse applications of plant science in addressing energy needs and land management. The subsequent chapters delve deeper into specific crops and their responses to environmental challenges. We examine the potential of sugarcane and energy cane as biofuel substitutes, the ecophysiological adaptations of Spondias tuberosa to contrasting tropical climates under water stress, and the impact of seed priming on canola’s resilience to salinity. Furthermore, the book explores the intricate interactions between wheat and nickel, seeking strategies for improved tolerance, and embraces cutting-edge technologies with the application of deep learning for the rapid identification of corn pests and diseases. This collection of studies reflects the dynamic and multifaceted nature of plant science research. It showcases the power of focused investigation in unraveling the complexities of plant physiology and its direct relevance to enhancing crop production and mitigating the impacts of environmental stress. While each chapter offers a distinct perspective, they are unified by the overarching theme of understanding plant life at a fundamental level to address practical challenges and unlock the vast potential of the plant kingdom. I am confident that this book will serve as a valuable resource for students, researchers, agricultural professionals, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the crucial role plants play in our world and the innovative research being conducted to optimize their productivity and resilience. Viviana Maresca Associate Professor, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy