IMPACTS OF SALINITY ON PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Salinity is an increasing abiotic stress that threatens agricultural production, especially in semi-arid regions, with its impact intensified by climate change. Soil salinization, exacerbated by arid climates, reduces water availability and promotes salt accumulation, harming crops. This affects plant physiological processes such as gas exchange, photosynthesis, and water uptake, while also causing osmotic and ionic stress. Saline stress further reduces biomass and damages cellular membranes. Adaptations such as salt-tolerant plants and hydroponic systems offer solutions, promoting greater water-use efficiency and salinity control.